Case Summary
| Case ID | 25F-H044-REL |
|---|---|
| Agency | Arizona Department of Real Estate |
| Tribunal | Arizona Office of Administrative Hearings |
| Decision Date | 2026-06-11 |
| Administrative Law Judge | JC |
| Outcome | no_files |
| Filing Fees Refunded | — |
| Civil Penalties | $0.00 |
Parties & Counsel
| Petitioner | Michael J. Schmidt | Counsel | Pro Se |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respondent | Starpass Master Homeowner Association, Inc. | Counsel | Pro Se |
Alleged Violations
No violations listed
Video Overview
Audio Overview
Decision Documents
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1307353.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1323417.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1338610.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1346561.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1348862.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1359017.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1369163.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1373554.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1374305.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1375342.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1381401.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1382796.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1383541.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1383542.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1390365.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1393754.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1398030.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1400859.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1411032.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1421152.pdf
25F-H044-REL Decision – 1434771.pdf
Briefing Document: Schmidt v. Starpass Master Homeowner Association, Inc. (No. 25F-H044-REL)
Executive Summary
The matter of Michael J. Schmidt v. Starpass Master Homeowner Association, Inc. (Case No. 25F-H044-REL) is an ongoing administrative dispute before the Arizona Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH). The central conflict involves the Petitioner’s challenge to the Respondent’s continued "declarant control" over the Starpass Master Homeowner Association. The Petitioner, Michael J. Schmidt, alleges that the Respondent, Chris Ansley (acting as the declarant), has maintained control in violation of Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S.) § 33-1820 and the community’s governing documents.
The dispute centers on the calculation of "Type B" membership votes, the validity of various amendments to the Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions (CC&Rs)—particularly the Eighth Amendment—and the physical feasibility of developing remaining land parcels designated as "planned lots." Following several continuances, a change in Administrative Law Judges (ALJ), and a consolidation of additional issues, the case remains active with a further hearing scheduled for April 30, 2026.
Case Overview and Procedural History
The case has a complex procedural timeline characterized by multiple continuances, jurisdictional clarifications, and administrative transitions.
Timeline of Significant Events
| Date | Event | Key Outcome/Action |
|---|---|---|
| May 20, 2025 | Preliminary Order | ALJ Samuel Fox denied Petitioner’s subpoena request and ordered a "meet and confer" for document production. |
| June 20, 2025 | Initial Hearing | Parties presented evidence regarding vote calculations and the 1992 Master Plan. The hearing was not completed. |
| August 20, 2025 | Consolidation Request | Petitioner notified the Tribunal of two additional issues petitioned through the Department of Real Estate (ADRE). |
| Sept 10, 2025 | Prehearing Conference | Discussed consolidation of new complaints and a response to an Amicus Brief filed by Southwest Value Partners (SWVP). |
| Nov 17, 2025 | Hearing Reset | Hearing scheduled for January 6, 2026, due to unresolved updates regarding the second petition. |
| Dec 29, 2025 | Office Flood/Order | A flood at the OAH offices necessitated a transition to virtual hearings via Google Meet. |
| Feb 6, 2026 | ALJ Reassignment | ALJ Samuel Fox departed; ALJ Jenna Clark took over. Parties were ordered to treat the case as starting from the beginning. |
| April 2, 2026 | Prehearing Conference | ALJ Jenna Clark clarified the issues for the upcoming April 30 hearing. |
Detailed Analysis of Key Themes
1. The Legality of Declarant Control (A.R.S. § 33-1820)
The Petitioner argues that the Respondent is violating A.R.S. § 33-1820, which governs the termination of declarant control in planned communities. The core of the dispute is whether the community's documents provide a valid, calculable date for the termination of this control. Schmidt contends that the Eighth Amendment—which states control ends upon the sale of the "last residential lot"—is a violation because it lacks a definitive date or a clear method for calculating an expiration point.
2. Calculation of Type B Membership and "Planned Lots"
The Respondent maintains control primarily through Type B membership votes. According to the CC&Rs:
- Type B Membership: The declarant receives three votes for each lot owned and three votes for each "planned lot."
- Respondent's Position: Ansley claims approximately 2,234 planned lots remain, translating to 6,702 votes. This calculation is derived from the 1992 Master Plan (projecting 2,100 units) plus annexed properties, minus roughly 925 sold lots.
- Petitioner's Position: Schmidt argues these "planned lots" are illusory. He asserts that the Respondent only owns two actual lots: his personal residence and a 3.84-acre parcel (Block D/B) containing a reclaimed water reservoir. Schmidt argues it is mathematically and logistically impossible to build the 44 homes Ansley claims for that parcel.
3. The Eighth Amendment and the "Last Lot Sold" Provision
A major point of contention is the validity and impact of the Eighth Amendment to the CC&Rs.
- The Provision: It amended Article 3, Section 2, stating Type B membership terminates when the declarant sells the "last residential lot or block to a third party other than an affiliate."
- Respondent’s Argument: Ansley argues that the number of lots is irrelevant because the amendment removed the specific lot-count termination trigger in favor of the "last lot sold" trigger.
- Petitioner’s Argument: Schmidt argues this creates a "permanent" control situation, as the declarant can choose never to sell the final parcel, thereby bypassing the intent of state law and the original 1992 declaration.
4. The Reservoir Element (Coyote Pass Segment)
The 3.84-acre reservoir on Block B of the Coyote Pass segment serves as a specific case study for the "planned lot" dispute.
- Hydrological Testimony: Bruce Prior, a retired hydrologist, testified that this reservoir is the only source of reclaimed water for the Starpass Golf Course and is fed by six miles of pipeline. He asserted that filling it in for residential development would lead to significant litigation from the city and other entities.
- Respondent’s Rebuttal: Ansley claimed the reservoir is not essential, as he owns another wastewater company and could fill the pond "in a heartbeat" to develop residential units (R1 zoning, 2.3 lots per acre).
Significant Arguments and Testimonies
Petitioner: Michael J. Schmidt
Schmidt argues that the Respondent is using legal maneuvers to avoid the relinquishing of control. He highlights that the "planned lots" used to justify the thousands of Type B votes are not actually platted or developable. He further argues that the Eighth Amendment was passed without a proper vote of the general membership, instead relying on the declarant’s own 75% vote power.
Respondent: Chris Ansley
Ansley’s defense relies heavily on the "Last Lot Sold" amendment and ongoing litigation. He argues that he cannot provide a final forecast of planned lots because a significant portion of his property was involved in a sheriff's sale, the legality of which is currently being challenged in the Arizona Supreme Court. He maintains that until that litigation is resolved, his ownership and the subsequent vote count remain fluid.
Witness: Bruce Prior (Hydrologist)
Prior provided technical context regarding the Starpass infrastructure. He emphasized that the reservoir is a critical utility. His testimony was intended to prove that the Respondent’s "forecast" of developing that specific land is not a viable plan, but rather a pretext for maintaining vote counts.
Important Quotes with Context
On the Calculation of Planned Lots:
Chris Ansley: "The number of planned lots shall equal the total planned lots minus the number of platted residential lots… Add that to the 2100 lots that was set forth in the 1992 master plan… that totals a number of 3160 lots… the planned lots remaining would be 2234."
- Context: Ansley explaining the mathematical basis for his claim to thousands of votes during the June 2025 hearing.
On the Feasibility of Development:
Bruce Prior: "This water reservoir is the only reclaimed water reservoir that feeds the Star Pass Golf Course. There is no other source of water… to fill in that reservoir which [Ansley] thinks he could do at any time, I think there would be a significant amount of litigation."
- Context: Prior testifying that the land Ansley counts as "planned lots" is actually essential utility infrastructure.
On the Legal Interpretation of the 8th Amendment:
Michael J. Schmidt: "There's no absolutely no way to go ahead and calculate what day that [declarant control] ends and there's no ending date. So it's a clear violation in my opinion of 33-1820."
- Context: Schmidt arguing that the Eighth Amendment creates an illegal, indefinite period of declarant control.
On the Tribunal's Authority regarding New Issues:
ALJ Samuel Fox: "The Tribunal does not have the authority to add issues to the complaint. The Tribunal may only consolidate two existing matters."
- Context: From the September 4, 2025 Order, clarifying that Petitioner must go through the Department of Real Estate to add new legal challenges to the existing case.
Actionable Insights and Future Requirements
- Consolidation of Issues: The hearing scheduled for April 30, 2026, will address three distinct issues: the original complaint regarding vote counts/declarant control and two new issues added by the Petitioner (specifically addressing the lack of an expiration date in the declaration).
- Evidence of Ownership: The Tribunal requires definitive information from the ongoing Supreme Court litigation regarding the sheriff's sale. This will determine if the Respondent actually "owns" the land he is using to calculate his Type B votes.
- Amicus Brief Response: Respondent has been granted leave to respond to the Amicus Brief filed by Southwest Value Partners (SWVP). The Tribunal has noted that while SWVP is not a party and the brief is not "evidence," it provides input from an interested entity.
- Proof of Development Plans: To maintain the validity of "planned lots" under the CC&Rs, the Respondent may need to provide more than a "forecast." The Petitioner has challenged the sole discretion of the declarant to adjust these plans when physical constraints (like the reservoir) exist.
- Administrative Compliance: New subpoena requests must be submitted by April 9, 2026, and all disclosures (witness lists and exhibits) must be finalized by April 16, 2026. The April 30 hearing will resume with the Petitioner’s presentation of evidence.
Study Guide: Michael J. Schmidt v. Starpass Master Homeowner Association, Inc.
This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of the administrative litigation between Michael J. Schmidt and the Starpass Master Homeowner Association, Inc. (OAH Case No. 25F-H044-REL). It covers the central legal disputes regarding declarant control, voting rights calculation, and the application of Arizona statutes to community documents.
Key Concepts and Case Overview
1. Declarant Control and ARS § 33-1820
The central legal question in this matter is whether the Respondent, Chris Ansley (acting as the Declarant), has maintained control over the Starpass Master Homeowner Association in violation of Arizona Revised Statute (ARS) § 33-1820. This statute governs the period of declarant control in planned communities. The Petitioner, Michael J. Schmidt, argues that the Association’s community documents—specifically Article 3 of the Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions (CC&Rs)—violate this law because they fail to provide a specific date or a clear, calculable method for the termination of declarant control.
2. Voting Rights Calculation: Type A vs. Type B
The dispute involves two classes of membership defined in the CC&Rs:
- Type A Membership: Consists of individual homeowners.
- Type B Membership: Reserved for the Declarant.
- The Voting Multiplier: Under Article 3, Section 2, the Declarant receives three votes for every lot or "planned lot" owned.
The Petitioner challenges the Respondent’s claim of 6,639 Type B votes, which is based on an alleged ownership of 2,231 planned lots. The Petitioner asserts that the Respondent actually owns very little developable land, specifically citing that one of the remaining "lots" is a reclaimed water reservoir that cannot be subdivided into residential units.
3. Planned Lots vs. Platted Lots
A major point of contention is the definition and forecasting of "planned lots."
- Planned Lots: Defined in the documents as residential lots or units planned in areas not yet subdivided. The Declarant has discretion to adjust these numbers based on future development plans.
- Platted Lots: Lots that have been officially recorded through a subdivision plat with the county.
- The Conflict: The Respondent bases his vote count on a 2014 "Notice of Designation of Planned Lots." The Petitioner argues that much of the land included in that count has been lost to receivership or sheriff sales following a loan default to U.S. Bank.
4. Community Document Amendments
The Starpass Declaration has been amended multiple times (including the 6th, 7th, and 8th amendments).
- Amendment 8: Modified Article 3, Section 2 to state that Type B membership terminates when the Declarant sells the "last residential lot or block to a third party other than an affiliate."
- Petitioner's View: This creates an "endless" period of control because there is no specific end date, violating ARS § 33-1820.
- Respondent's View: The amendments are valid because they were not objected to within the one-year timeframe required by Article 3, Section 6 of the Declaration.
5. Procedural History and Consolidation
The case faced several procedural milestones:
- Reassignment: The matter was originally assigned to Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Samuel Fox and later reassigned to ALJ Jenna Clark.
- Consolidation: The Petitioner filed a second petition to address additional issues (specifically paragraph 1 of ARS § 33-1820 regarding the termination date). The Tribunal worked to consolidate these into a single hearing to save time and resources.
- Amicus Brief: The Tribunal accepted an amicus brief from Southwest Value Partnership (SWVP), though the judge clarified it is not evidence, but rather supplemental legal input from an interested party.
Short-Answer Practice Questions
- What is the specific ARS statute that the Petitioner alleges the Respondent is violating?
- Answer: ARS § 33-1820.
- How many votes does the Declarant receive for each "planned lot" according to the Starpass CC&Rs?
- Answer: Three votes.
- The Respondent claims to have 6,639 Type B votes. What is the number of "planned lots" this calculation is based upon?
- Answer: 2,231 planned lots.
- According to hydrologist Bruce Prior, why is it problematic for the Declarant to claim the reservoir in Coyote Pass (Block B) as developable planned lots?
- Answer: The reservoir is the only reclaimed water source for the Star Pass Golf Course, involving six miles of pipeline, and filling it in would likely trigger significant litigation and infrastructure redesign.
- What does the 8th Amendment to the Declaration state regarding the termination of Type B membership?
- Answer: It terminates on the date the Declarant sells the last residential lot or block to a third party other than an affiliate.
- Who currently owns the majority of the undeveloped land that was previously under the Declarant’s control, according to Pima County records cited by the Petitioner?
- Answer: CREF 3 (an LLC set up by U.S. Bank) and Southwest Value Partnership.
- What is the "Rule of Exclusion" mentioned during the June 2025 hearing?
- Answer: A rule that requires witnesses to wait outside the hearing room until they are called to testify so they do not hear other testimony.
- Why did the hearing originally scheduled for January 6, 2026, have to be conducted virtually?
- Answer: Due to a flood at the Arizona Office of Administrative Hearings offices.
- According to the Respondent, what is the maximum number of units permitted by the original 1992 Master Plan?
- Answer: 2,100 units.
- What was the Respondent’s primary defense against the Petitioner’s claims regarding the invalidity of the amendments?
- Answer: That the amendments are legitimate under Arizona law and the community's own documents because they were not objected to in writing within one year of their recording.
Essay Questions for Deeper Exploration
- The Conflict of Property Ownership and Voting Power: Analyze the impact of the pending litigation involving the "sheriff’s sale" and U.S. Bank on the Declarant’s ability to exercise Type B votes. If the Declarant does not currently hold title to the land, can he legally claim "planned lots" based on a 2014 designation? Support your argument using the definitions of "planned lots" and "ownership" found in the Source Context.
- Statutory Interpretation of ARS § 33-1820: The Petitioner argues that the 8th Amendment to the Starpass CC&Rs is a "clear violation" of ARS § 33-1820 because it fails to provide a calculable end date for declarant control. Evaluate the Respondent’s counter-argument that the amendment is valid because the statute was adopted after the original declaration was recorded. Discuss the implications of applying new HOA statutes retroactively to established community documents.
- The Role of the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) in HOA Disputes: Based on the transcripts, describe the ALJ’s role in narrowing the scope of the hearing. How did the judge handle the transition between ALJ Fox and ALJ Clark, and what were the primary challenges in ensuring both parties had a "fair opportunity" to present their cases amidst multiple petitions and procedural delays?
Glossary of Important Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amicus Brief | A "friend of the court" filing; a document submitted by a non-party with a strong interest in the subject matter to provide additional legal insight. |
| CC&Rs | Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions; the governing documents that dictate the rules and structure of a planned community. |
| Collateral Estoppel | A legal doctrine that prevents a party from re-litigating an issue that has already been decided in a previous legal proceeding. |
| Declarant | The entity (usually the developer) that established the community and initially holds control over the association's governance. |
| OAH | Office of Administrative Hearings; the independent state agency that conducts hearings for various Arizona state agencies, including the Department of Real Estate. |
| Planned Lot | A unit or lot intended for future development that has not yet been formally subdivided or platted. |
| Potable Water | Water that is safe for drinking; in this case, distinguished from the "reclaimed water" used to irrigate the golf course. |
| Rule of Exclusion | A procedural rule used to prevent witnesses from hearing each other's testimony to ensure their accounts remain independent. |
| Type B Membership | A specific class of HOA membership granted to the Declarant, often carrying weighted voting rights (e.g., 3:1). |
| Tribunal | A seat or court of justice; in this context, refers to the Office of Administrative Hearings. |
Battle for the Boardroom: Decoding the Starpass Master HOA Control Dispute
In the world of Arizona planned communities, the transition from developer control to homeowner governance is often the most contentious chapter in a neighborhood's history. This struggle is currently unfolding in a high-stakes administrative battle at the Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH): Case No. 25F-H044-REL.
At the center of the dispute is a challenge brought by homeowner Michael J. Schmidt against the developer, Chris Ansley. For Starpass residents, and indeed for any homeowner in a developer-led community, the case serves as a warning of how "declarant control" can be stretched for decades through savvy document amendments and complex voting math.
The Core Conflict: Statutes vs. Bylaws
The legal tug-of-war hinges on differing interpretations of A.R.S. § 33-1820, an Arizona statute governing the termination of declarant control. While Schmidt argues that state law mandates a clear termination point based on actual lot counts, Ansley relies on a series of amendments—culminating in the 8th Amendment—that shifted the goalposts from a specific date to the sale of the "last residential lot."
| Feature | The Petitioner’s View (Schmidt) | The Respondent’s View (Ansley) |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Authority | A.R.S. § 33-1820 and original Articles. | Amendment 8 of the Declaration. |
| Control Termination | Must end based on actual "planned lots" and a specific termination date. | Control ends only when the "last residential lot or block" is sold to a third party. |
| Calculation Basis | Argues the 2,231 "planned lot" count is a "phantom" number based on a 2014 designation. | Relies on the 2014 recorded Notice of Designation for 2,231 planned lots. |
| Voting Power | Declarant lost ownership of the land and thus the 3-to-1 "Type B" votes. | Declarant retains votes via the power to resubdivide common property. |
The "Phantom Lot" Controversy: The Reservoir Debate
A pivotal moment in the hearings involved Block B (Parcel 116-27-7840), a 3.84-acre parcel the developer uses to justify 44 "planned lots" in his voting calculations.
Testimony from Bruce Prior, a retired hydrologist with 25 years of experience at the Tucson Water Department, revealed that this parcel is home to a reclaimed water reservoir—the sole irrigation source for the Starpass Golf Course.
- The Petitioner’s Argument: Schmidt contended that it is physically and legally impossible to subdivide a critical water reservoir into 44 residential lots.
- The Respondent’s Counter-argument: Ansley testified that the reservoir could be "filled in a heartbeat." More importantly, he cited Article 2, Section 2(E) and (G) of the Declaration, claiming the absolute power to resubdivide "Common Area" into new "Planned Lots" at his sole discretion to maintain his voting majority.
"There’s no way that you're going to subdivide a reservoir… He’s saying that [3.84 acres] will accommodate 44 homes… you’ve got the reservoir there, you're going to have to put in roads, utilities, etc. I have no idea how many lots could possibly be built." — Petitioner Michael J. Schmidt
The Foreclosure Factor: Who Owns the Land?
The dispute takes a turn into investigative territory with the disclosure of a sheriff’s sale involving U.S. Bank. Schmidt presented evidence that a significant portion of the vacant land was lost to an entity called CREF 3 (a U.S. Bank entity) following a loan default.
This creates a vital distinction for governance: while Southwest Value Partners (SWVP) purchased the hotel and golf course, it is CREF 3 that holds the vacant "planned lots" Ansley uses to justify his voting power. Schmidt argues that if Ansley no longer owns the land, he cannot claim the associated three-to-one "Type B" votes. Ansley maintains this property loss is currently being contested in the Arizona Supreme Court and should not affect his standing.
A Lesson in Administrative Law: The OAH Process
For homeowners, this case is a "Groundhog Day" lesson in procedural endurance. Due to the departure of Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Samuel Fox and the arrival of ALJ Jenna Clark, the court issued a staggering order: because a new judge was presiding, the initial hearing session from June 2025 "may not be considered," and the proceedings had to effectively start from the beginning in early 2026.
Process Lessons for Homeowners:
- The "One Issue" Drama: Schmidt originally attempted to challenge both the board appointments and the vote counts. However, because he only paid the $500 fee for one issue, ALJ Fox forced him to narrow the hearing strictly to the calculation of Type B votes.
- The Jurisdictional Barrier: An ALJ cannot rule on an issue unless the Arizona Department of Real Estate (ADRE) specifically authorizes it. Schmidt was forced to file a second petition and pay additional fees to get his full case heard.
- Virtual Transitions: A literal flood at the OAH offices in late 2025 forced the matter into the digital realm, with all subsequent hearings held via Google Meet.
The Status of the Case (As of April 2026)
As of the telephonic prehearing conference on April 2, 2026, the case remains unresolved. Petitioner Schmidt is still in the midst of presenting evidence. Notably, the Tribunal accepted an Amicus Brief filed by Douglas M. Imperi Jr. of the Dessaules Law Group on behalf of Southwest Value Partners (SWVP). While the judge accepted the brief for its "legal input," she clarified it is not "fact evidence," as the resort owners are not formal parties to the dispute.
The battle for the Starpass boardroom is set to resume with the presentation of further evidence on April 30, 2026, at 9:00 a.m.
Key Takeaways for Homeowners
For those navigating their own HOA governance disputes, the Starpass saga offers a critical "Homeowner’s Toolkit":
- Know Your Amendments: Be vigilant regarding how amendments (like the 6th, 7th, and 8th in Starpass) shift the goalposts for developer control from a fixed date to the "sale of the last lot."
- Verify the Vote Counts: Understand the difference between a "Platted Lot" (officially recorded) and a "Planned Lot" (a developer's forecast). As seen with the "Reservoir Debate," these forecasts can often be based on "phantom" numbers.
- The "Rule of Exclusion": At the start of any hearing, homeowners should request the "Rule of Exclusion." This forces witnesses to wait outside the room until they testify, preventing them from tailoring their stories based on other testimony.
- The Power of the ADRE: The OAH is a tribunal of limited jurisdiction. If an issue isn't in your original ADRE-authorized notice, the judge won't touch it. Narrow your focus or be prepared to pay the $500-per-issue fee to expand the scope.
Case Participants
Petitioner Side
- Michael J. Schmidt (Petitioner)
Starpass subdivision homeowner
Pro se petitioner who filed the dispute alleging that the association's declarant maintained control in violation of ARS 33-1820. - Bruce Pryor (Witness)
Hydrologist who testified as a witness for the petitioner regarding a reclaimed water reservoir.
Respondent Side
- Frederick Christopher Ansley (Respondent Representative)
Starpass Master Homeowner Association, Inc.
Developer, declarant, and board president who appeared on behalf of the respondent association.
Neutral Parties
- Michael Morris (Observer)
Starpass subdivision homeowner
Observer at the hearing and the petitioner in a prior related 2024 dispute (24F-H030-REL). - Douglas M. Imperi, Jr. (Observer / Amicus Counsel)
Dessaules Law Group / SWVP Starr Pass LLC
Submitted an amicus brief on behalf of SWVP Starr Pass LLC and observed the hearing. - Jenna Clark (Administrative Law Judge)
Office of Administrative Hearings
Presided over the April 30, 2026, session of the hearing and issued the final decision. - Samuel Fox (Administrative Law Judge)
Office of Administrative Hearings
Presided over the initial hearing session on June 20, 2025, and subsequent conferences before departing the agency. - Alexis Madrid (Administrative Law Judge)
Office of Administrative Hearings
Administrative Law Judge who issued continuance orders in the matter. - Susan Nicolson (Commissioner)
Arizona Department of Real Estate
Commissioner of the Arizona Department of Real Estate to whom the final decision was transmitted.